| Abstract | ''Imprint'' je specijalizirani tip učenja koji utječe na trajne i nepovratne promjene u ponašanju jedinke. Najbolje je istražen kod ptica, ali se pojavljuje i kod drugih životinja, a glavna mu je komponenta osjetljivi period. Najpoznatiji tipovi ''imprinta'' su filijalni, koji omogućuje mladom da pozna svoju majku, i spolni ''imprint'', kojime mlado prepoznaje potencijalne partnere. I jedan i drugi najbolje su istraženi kod različitih ptičjih vrsta, a iako imaju neke zajedničke komponente, ova dva tipa ''imprinta'' razlikuju se prvenstveno po vremenu kada nastupa osjetljivi period. Osim toga, dok je karakteristika filijalnog ''imprinta'' naklonjenost mladunca jedinki koju smatra majkom, kod spolnog se stvaraju preferencije prema obilježjima vrste, a ne prema određenoj jedinki. Još jedna važna vrsta ''imprinta'' je ''imprint'' pjeva, koji omogućuje mladim pticama učenje pjeva vlastite vrste. Učinci ovog fenomena ovise o mnogim čimbenicima, kao što su vrsta životinje, vrijeme i duljina trajanja izlaganja određenom stimulansu, pa čak i spol kod pojedinih vrsta. Unatoč svemu tome, ''imprint'' je u mnogo slučajeva nepovratno učenje, kao što se to od samog otkrića tvrdilo, a za potpuno razumijevanje potrebno je još mnogo istraživanja. |
| Abstract (english) | Imprint is a specialized type of learning that affects permanent and irreversible changes in the behavior of individuals. It is best explored in birds, even though it occurs in other animals as well, and main component of this phenomenon is the sensitive period. Filial imprinting, which allows a young to know its mother, and sexual, which enables it to recognize potential partners, are the two best-known types of imprinting. Both types are best explored in various bird species, and although they have some common characteristics, these two types of imprinting differ primarily with regard to the time when sensitive period appears. In addition, while the characteristic of filial imprinting is preferring individual that is considered to be its mother, in sexual imprinting, the animal creates preferences for features of species, and not particular individuals. Another important imprint type is song imprinting which allows young individuals to learn song of its own species. The effects of this phenomenon depend on many factors, such as species, time and duration of exposure to a particular stimulus, and in some species even gender. However, the imprinting is in many cases irreversible, as it is claimed in history of research, and complete understanding of it requires a lot of research. |
