The Evolution of Life Is a Road Paved with the DNA Quadruplet Symmetry and the Supersymmetry Genetic Code

Scientific paper - Original scientific paper

• Author: Marija Rosandić
• Author: Vladimir Paar
• Author's institution: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Science; (Department of Physics)
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: NATURAL SCIENCES; Physics

Abstract (english)

Symmetries have not been completely determined and explained from the discovery of the DNA structure in 1953 and the genetic code in 1961. We show, during 10 years of investigation and research, our discovery of the Supersymmetry Genetic Code table in the form of 2 × 8 codon boxes, quadruplet DNA symmetries, and the classification of trinucleotides/codons, all built with the same physiochemical double mirror symmetry and Watson–Crick pairing. We also show that single-stranded RNA had the complete code of life in the form of the Supersymmetry Genetic Code table simultaneously with instructions of codons’ relationship as to how to develop the DNA molecule on the principle of Watson–Crick pairing. We show that the same symmetries between the genetic code and DNA quadruplet are highly conserved during the whole evolution even between phylogenetically distant organisms. In this way, decreasing disorder and entropy enabled the evolution of living beings up to sophisticated species with cognitive features. Our hypothesis that all twenty amino acids are necessary for the origin of life on the Earth, which entirely changes our view on evolution, confirms the evidence of organic natural amino acids from the extra-terrestrial asteroid Ryugu, which is nearly as old as our solar system.

• Keywords (english): genetic code symmetry; supersymmetry genetic code table; genetic code evolution; standard genetic code table; DNA quadruplet symmetry; Chargaff’s first parity rule; Chargaff’s second parity rule; asteroid Ryugu
• Language: english
• Publication type: Scientific paper - Original scientific paper
• Publication status: Published
• Peer review: Peer review - international
• Publication version: Published version
• Journal title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
• Numbering: vol. 24, no. 15, 12029
• e-ISSN: 1422-0067
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512029
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:217:797439
• Publication: 2023-07-27
• Project: Number: IP-2019-04-2757; Title (croatian): Varijante u repetitivnim strukturama višeg reda u centromernim i NBPF dijelovima genoma čovjeka i viših primata; Title (english): Variants in higher order repeat structures in centromeric and NBPF regions of human and higher primates genomes; Acronym: HORVAR; Leader: Matko Glunčić; Jurisdiction: Croatia; Funding stream: Research Projects
• Document URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/15/12029
• Type of resource: Text
• Access conditions: Open access
• Public note: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Received: 13 June 2023. Revised: 19 July 2023. Accepted: 24 July 2023. Published: 27 July 2023.
• Created on: 2024-07-22 12:57:45