| Abstract | Imprint je specijalizirani tip učenja koji utječe na trajne, za mnoge autore i nepovratne promjene u ponašanju jedinke. Najbolje je istražen kod ptica, ali se pojavljuje i kod drugih životinja, a glavna mu je komponenta osjetljivi period. Iako se prvotno tvrdilo da je potpuno ireverzibilan, u novijoj literaturi se govori o barem djelomičnoj povratnosti. Osim nepovratnosti i osjetljivog perioda, razliku od uobičajenog učenja čini i sam princip. Naime, životinje se ovdje ne ponašaju po principu pokušaja i pogreške, niti su vođene nagradom i kaznom, već sama izloženost podražaju u određenom vremenu, određuje njihovo buduće ponašanje. Najpoznatiji tipovi imprinta su filialni, koji omogućuje mladom da pozna svoju majku, i seksualni imprint, kojime mlado prepoznaje potencijalne partnere. I jedan i drugi najbolje su istraženi kod različitih ptičjih vrsta, a iako imaju neke zajedničke komponente, ova dva tipa imprinta razlikuju se prvenstveno po vremenu kada nastupa osjetljivi period. Osim toga, dok je karakteristika filialnog imprinta naklonjenost mladunca jedinki koju smatra majkom, kod seksualnog se stvaraju preferencije prema obilježjima vrste, a ne prema određenoj jedinki. Učinci ovog fenomena ovise o mnogim čimbenicima, kao što su vrsta životinje, vrijeme i duljina trajanja izlaganja određenom stimulansu, pa čak i spol kod pojedinih vrsta. Unatoč svemu tome, imprint je u mnogo slučajevima nepovratno učenje, kao što se to od samog otkrića tvrdilo, a za potpuno razumijevanje potrebno je još mnogo istraživanja. |
| Abstract (english) | Imprint is a specialized type of learning that affects permanent, and according to many authors, irreversible changes in the behavior of individuals. It is best explored in birds, even though it occurs in other animals as well, and main component of this phenomenon is the sensitive period. Although it was initially claimed that it was irreversible, the recent literature claims there is at least partial reversibility. Besides irreversibility and the sensitive period, principle of learning also makes a difference between imprint and typical learning. In the case of imprint, animals do not behave according to the principle of trial and error, and are not guided by rewards and punishments; rather, the very exposure to stimuli in a given time determines their future behavior. Filial imprinting, which allows a young to know its mother, and sexual, which enables it to recognize potential partners, are the two best-known types of imprinting. Both types are best explored in various bird species, and although they have some common characteristics, these two types of imprinting differ primarily with regard to the time when sensitive period appears. In addition, while the characteristic of filial imprinting is preferring individual that is considered to be its mother, in sexual imprinting, the animal creates preferences for features of species, and not particular individuals. The effects of this phenomenon depend on many factors, such as species, time and duration of exposure to a particular stimulus, and in some species even gender. However, the imprinting is in many cases irreversible, as it is claimed in history of research, and complete understanding of it requires a lot of research. |
