Fizika u hrvatskim pučkim školama sredinom 19. stoljeća

Scientific paper - Original scientific paper

• Title (english): Physics in Croatian Elementary Schools in the Mid-19th Century
• Author: Tihomir Vukelja
• Author's institution: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Science; (Department of Physics)
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: NATURAL SCIENCES; Physics

Abstract (croatian)

Ovaj je rad naumljen kao doprinos razumijevanju razvoja fizike kao elementa opće kulture hrvatskoga društva, potaknut gledištem da se suvremeno društvo ne može pravo razumjeti bez obraćanja pozornosti na fiziku kao element materijalne i duhovne kulture te da današnji položaj i ulogu fizike u društvu pak nije moguće pravo razumjeti bez povijesne analize. U radu je prikazan pokušaj procjene položaja fizike kao sastojka izobrazbe u javnim katoličkim pučkim školama kraljevinâ Hrvatske i Slavonije krajem apsolutizma, tijekom kojeg je hrvatskim školstvom upravljalo bečko Ministarstvo bogoštovlja i nastave. Tadašnji je status fizike odabran kao »početni«, budući da su s prestankom apsolutizma brigu o organiziranju hrvatskoga školstva i upravljanju njime preuzele hrvatske zakonodavne i izvršne vlasti. Stoga prikaz te pozicije fizike može poslužiti kao ishodište razmatranja i procjenjivanja promjena koje su uslijedile i koje su naposljetku dovele do sadašnjega stanja. Procjena položaja fizike je izvedena na temelju raščlambe bitnih sastavnica sustava osnovnoga školstva, u kojima se zrcali status svakog u njega uključenoga elementa izobrazbe: a) ustroja i ciljeva pučke škole (definiranih naredbom Systema scholarum elementarium od 1845. i naredbama iz doba apsolutizma) ; b) nastavnoga plana i programa (za četverorazredne »glavne« pučke škole propisanog 1855., a za »trivijalne« ili niže pučke škole 1858.) ; c) propisanih udžbenika (tri »slovničke čitanke« pripremljene i uvedene u hrvatske škole u razdoblju od 1851. do 1862.) te d) izobrazbe učitelja (definirane naredbama o ustroju »preparandija« ili učiteljskih škola od 1853. i 1857. te nastavnim planom i programom od 1860.). Potanko je raspravljen utjecaj značajki svake od tih sastavnica na položaj fizike u pučkoj školi. Iz rasprave slijedi da je povoljan utjecaj koji je na položaj fizike imao nastavni program za glavne pučke škole, a kojim je bilo predviđeno prilično opsežno, ali dobi učenika primjereno gradivo iz fizike, bio u velikoj mjeri prigušen nedovoljnom izobrazbom učitelja te ustrojem škole, napose podjelom škola na glavne i trivijalne i stavom da »stvarna nastava« (početno upoznavanje s odabranim temama iz povijesti i prirodoslovlja) ne treba činiti zasebni nastavni predmet, već treba biti uključena u »nastavu u jeziku«.

Abstract (english)

This article is conceived as a contribution to the understanding of the development of physics as an element of the common culture of Croatian society, and is spurred by the view that contemporary society cannot be properly understood without paying attention to physics as an element of material and spiritual culture, and that the present-day position and role of physics in society cannot be properly understood without historical analysis. In the article, an attempt has been made at the evaluation of the position of physics as a component of education in the public Catholic elementary schools of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia at the end of the period of absolutism, when the Croatian school system was governed by the Viennese Ministry of Religion and Education. At that time, the status of physics was considered to be “inchoative,” since with the end of absolutism the care over organising the Croatian school system and the management of it was taken over by the Croatian legislative and executive authorities. Because of that, the position of physics at that time may be used as the initial point of discussion and evaluation of those changes that followed and finally led to the present-day situation. The estimation of the position of physics is made based on the analysis of essential components of the system of elementary schooling, in which the status of each element of education may be mirrored: a) the structure and goals of elementary school education (defined by the decree Systema scholarum elementarium of 1845 and by the regulations from the period of absolutism); b) the curriculum and programme (for “main” elementary schools with a four-year-long programme decreed in 1855, and for “trivial” or lower elementary schools in 1858); c) prescribed textbooks (three “grammatical lectionaries” prepared and introduced in Croatian schools within the period from 1851 to 1862); d) education of teachers (defined by regulations on the organisation of “preparatory” or teachers’ colleges from 1853 to 1857 and by the curriculum and programme from 1860). The influence of the characteristics of each of these components on the position of physics in elementary school has been discussed in detail. From the discussion, it follows that the favourable influence that the curriculum of “main” elementary schools had on the position of physics, and by means of which school material, rather comprehensive but also appropriate for the age of pupils, was designed, was to a great extent muted by the insufficient education of teachers and the structure of schools, particularly because of the aforementioned division of elementary schools into “main” and “trivial” and by the attitude that “real teaching” (initial introduction to selected themes from history and natural history) would not be treated as a particular teaching subject, but should be included in “language teaching.”

• Keywords (croatian): Banska Hrvatska; 19. stoljeće; pučke škole; fizika
• Keywords (english): Civil Croatia; 19th century; elementary school; physics
• Language: croatian
• Publication type: Scientific paper - Original scientific paper
• Publication status: Published
• Peer review: Peer review - international
• Publication version: Published version
• Journal title: Zbornik Odsjeka za povijesne znanosti Zavoda za povijesne i društvene znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti
• Numbering: vol. 29, pp. 273-310
• p-ISSN: 1330-7134
• e-ISSN: 1848-896X
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:217:546099
• Publication: 2011
• Project: Number: 119-2032635-1000; Title (croatian): Razvoj i uloga fizike u hrvatskom društvu 20. stoljeća; Leader: Tihomir Vukelja; Jurisdiction: Croatia; Funding stream: ZP
• Document URL: https://hrcak.srce.hr/75856
• Type of resource: Text
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2019-11-03 18:23:36