Molekularni mehanizmi starenja mozga

undergraduate thesis

• Title (english): Molecular mechanisms of brain ageing
• Author: Irena Slišković
• Mentor: Dubravka Hranilović (mentor)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Science; (Department of Biology); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2019, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: NATURAL SCIENCES; Biology

Abstract

Starenje je multifaktorijalni proces koji je pod utjecajem kumulativnih fizioloških
promjena. One su rezultat stohastičnih procesa i genetskih promjena koje zajedno mijenjaju
homeostazu organizma. Starenje pogađa sve organske sustave, pa tako i živčani sustav koji,
zbog specifičnosti svoje stanične građe, ima dodatne mehanizme koji doprinose starenju. Kao
i u periferiji, dolazi do akumulacije reaktivnih kisikovih spojeva i disfunkcije mitohondrija što
dovodi do nakupljanja oštećenih staničnih komponenti i smanjivanja proizvodnje energije. To
rezultira smanjenom funkcionalnošću stanica. Uz to, dolazi do mutacija i promijenjene
genetičke ekspresije što dovodi do mijenjanja staničnih signalnih puteva, zbog čega dolazi do
promjena u staničnoj morfologiji i funkcionalnosti. Promjene u neurotransmiterskom
signaliziranju, disregulacija kalcija te promijenjena ekspresija ionskih kanala dovode do
promjena u provođenju signala, smanjenoj plastičnosti sinapsa i neurona. Smanjenje
neurotrofnih faktora dovodi do smanjene neurogeneze, smanjenog nicanja dendritnih
nastavaka i dendrita. To dovodi do smanjenog volumena mozga. Svi ovi faktori dovode do
promjena koje možemo uočiti kod osoba starije životne dobi poput smanjenja kognitivnih
sposobnosti, u što ubrajamo gubitak pamćenja i smanjenje sposobnosti učenja, kao i promjene
u raspoloženju i ponašanju. Sve te promjene se događaju kod normalnog starenja, ali se puno
jači, slični simptomi javljaju kod osoba oboljelih od neurodegenerativnih bolesti. No,
životnim stilom i promjenama u prehrani može se utjecati da se ublaže simptomi neuralnog
starenja.

Abstract (english)

Aging is a multifactor process induced by cumulative physiological changes that are a
result of stochastic processes and differentiation in genetic expression which result in an
altered homeostasis. Therefore, it affects all organ systems, as well as the neurological system
which has other, specific, age-related mechanisms that are unique to the aging brain. As well
as in the periphery, there is a rise in reactive oxygen species which leads to mitochondrial
dysfunction. Also, damaged cellular compartments accumulate and energy production is
decreased which results in decreased cellular functionality. Furthermore, mutations and
altered genetic expression results in altered signalling pathways which consequentially ends
up in different cellular morphology and functionality. Changes in neurotransmitter signalling,
calcium dysgulation and expression of ion channels leads to signal transmission disruptions
and decreased synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, decrease in neurotrophic factors results in
decreased neurogenesis, smaller amount of dendrites and dendritic projections which affects
the brain volume. All these factors are a direct cause of the age-related physical changes such
as decreased cognitive abilities, alternations in mood and behaviour. These symptoms are
observed in normal aging as well as in neurodegenerative diseases, but in a more fatal form.
Nonetheless, with our lifestyle and dietary restriction we can influence the onset and the
magnitude of the symptoms of neural aging.

• Keywords: starenje mozga
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:217:698804
• Study programme: Title: Molecular Biology; Study programme type: university; Study level: undergraduate; Academic / professional title: sveučilišni/a prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) molekularne biologije (sveučilišni/a prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) molekularne biologije)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2019-09-26 07:33:16