Nova otkrića u humanoj reprodukciji i njihova primjena u metodama potpomognute oplodnje

undergraduate thesis

• Title (english): Recent discoveries in human reproduction and its use in assisted reproductive technology
• Author: Tina Domjanović
• Mentor: Romana Gračan (mentor)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Science; (Department of Biology); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2020, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: NATURAL SCIENCES; Biology

Abstract

Potpomognuta oplodnja specijalizirana je grana medicine čiji je konačni cilj oplodnja
jajne stanice, implantacija embrija i razvitak trudnoće. Iako je sama osnova metoda
potpomognute oplodnje ostala ista, nova otkrića uvelike pomažu povećanju njihove uspješnosti.
Najčešći postupci potpomognute oplodnje su in vitro fertilizacija i intracitoplazmatska injekcija
spermija. Od velikog je značaja poznavanje morfologije i fiziologije jajne stanice koja ima
ključnu ulogu u samom procesu oplodnje.... More Veliki napredak predstavlja usavršavanje sastava
hranidbene podloge za jajnu stanicu i sami embrij. Zbog toga je važno poznavanje njihovog
metabolizma, odnosno ekspresije gena. Također, za veliki udio spontanih pobačaja odgovorno
je neuspješno oslobađanje embrija iz ZP, zbog čega se provode istraživanja čimbenika koji
utječu na taj proces. Važan dio potpomognute oplodnje je i krioprezervacija; dugotrajna
pohrana embrija ili jajnih stanica vitrifikacijom (naglim smrzavanjem) pri čemu dolazi do
osmotskog stresa koji može biti ublažen raznim antioksidansima. Ponekad se parovi odlučuju
za potpomognutu oplodnju ukoliko postoji velika vjerojatnost nasljeđivanja neke genske
bolesti, pri čemu glavnu ulogu ima preimplantacijska genska dijagnostika. Ona obuhvaća razne
novorazvijene metode od kojih su najčešće komparativna genomska hibridizacija na čipu, SNP
mikročipovi, kvantitativna lančana reakcija polimeraze i sekvenciranje sljedeće generacije.
Novija istraživanja pokazala su veću stopu uspješnosti ukoliko je biopsija izvršena na embriju
u stadiju blastociste umjesto morule. Svrha preimplantacijske genetske dijagnostike je
probiranje normalnih, zdravih embrija koji će biti transferirani u maternicu ili pohranjeni
krioprezervacijom. Na taj način moguće je detektirati mozaicam (prisutnost dviju ili više
staničnih linija s različitim brojem kromosoma), monogenske poremećaje, poliploidiju,
aneuploidiju, delecije, duplikacije, translokacije i druge kromosomske abnormalnosti te mjeriti
gensku ekspresiju. Less

Abstract (english)

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is a specialized medicine branch whose final
aim is the oocyte fertilization, embryo implantation and pregnancy development. Although the
basis of ART has remained the same, new discoveries greatly enhance their success rate. The
most common methods used in ART are in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm
injection (ICSI). The comprehension of oocyte morphology and physiology is of the great
importance because the oocyte has a key... More role in the proces of fertilization. The resounding
advance was the specialization of the nutrient medium composition for the oocyte and the
embryo. Because of that, it is important to understand their metabolism and their gene
expression, respectively. Also, the unsuccessful releasement of embryo from zona pellucida is
responsible for large quantity of misscarriages, thus there are numerous studies underway,
investigating factors that affect that process. The important part of ART also includes
criopreservation; the long-term embryo or oocyte conservation via vitrification (rapid cooling)
where osmotic stress ensues, but which can be alleviated by various antioxidants. Sometimes
the couples opt for ART if there is a high chance in genetic disease inheritment, where
preimplatation genetic diagnostics (PGD) plays a major role. It includes newly developed
methods, of which the most common are: array-based comparative genomic hybrization
(aCGH), SNP microarray, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and next generation
sequencing (NGS). Recent researches have shown a bigger success rate if the biopsy is done on
blastocyst embryo stage rather than morula stage. The purpose of PGD is to probe the normal,
healthy embryos which will be transferred into the uterus or stored by cryopreservation. In that
way it is possible to detect mosaicism (existence of two or more cell lines with different
chromosome number), monogenic disorders, polyploidies, aneuploidies, deletions,
duplications, translocations and other chromosome abnormalities, and to measure gene
expression. Less

• Keywords: humana reprodukcija
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:217:639231
• Study programme: Title: Molecular Biology; Study programme type: university; Study level: undergraduate; Academic / professional title: sveučilišni/a prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) molekularne biologije (sveučilišni/a prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) molekularne biologije)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2020-10-02 09:37:17