Dijagnostičke metode u virologiji

undergraduate thesis

• Title (english): Diagnostic methods in virology
• Author: Manuela Žugaj
• Mentor: Silvija Černi (mentor)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Science; (Department of Biology); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2021-09-24, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: NATURAL SCIENCES; Biology

Abstract

Virusi igraju važnu ulogu u prirodi jer zaražavaju različite domaćine. Budući da su
obligatni unutarstanični paraziti, uzrokuju razne bolesti te svojim djelovanjem potiču promjene
u živim stanicama koje mogu imati ulogu i u evoluciji.
Obzirom da postoji mnogo različitih virusa, različite strukture i bioloških karakteristika, za
njihovu uspješnu dijagnostiku potreban je velik broj dijagnostičkih testova. Nisu svi pristupi
primjenjivi kod svih virusnih bolesti pa je važno znati koju metodu i kada odabrati.
Molekularnim metodama detektiramo virusne nukleinske kiseline ili proteine. Specifične
su i osjetljive, što znači da se u uzorku s vrlo malom koncentracijom virusa može detektirati
njihova prisutnost. Molekularne metode su obično temeljene na umnažanju dijelova virusnog
genoma različitim izvedbama lančane reakcije polimerazom, elektroforetskoj analizi dobivenih
molekula DNA ili virusnih proteina te detekciji virusnog genoma tehnikama hibridizacije.
S druge strane, serološke se metode, temeljene na reakciji antigena i antitijela, koriste za
detekciju virusnih antigena i specifičnih antitijela nastalih kao posljedica zaraze te daju brze
rezultate. Razlikuju se precipitacijske serološke metode, kao jednostruka i dvostruka radijalna
difuzija, imunohistološke metode koje detektiraju antigene u inficiranim tkivima, često
korištene imunoenzimatske tehnike, poput ELISA-testa, te mnoge druge.
Potrebno je dobro razumijevanje tehnika kako bi se osigurala pravilna i pouzdana
dijagnostika virusnih bolesti. što je preduvjet za adekvatno i pravovremeno liječenje.

Abstract (english)

Viruses have important role in nature because they infect different hosts. Since they are
obligatory intracellular parasites, they cause various diseases and stimulate changes in living
cells that can also play an important role in evolution.
Considering there are many different types of viruses with different structures and
biological characteristics, a large number of diagnostic tests are required for their successful
diagnostic. Not all approaches are applicable to all viral diseases, so it is important to know
which method to choose and when to apply it. Viral nucleic acids or proteins can be detected
by molecular methods. They are specific and sensitive, which means that virus presence can be
detected in a sample with its' very low concentration. Molecular methods are usually based on
the amplification of parts of the viral genome by different types of polymerase chain reactions,
electrophoretic analysis of the obtained DNA or viral protein molecules, and detection of the
viral genome using hybridization techniques.
On the other hand, serological methods, based on the reaction of antigens and antibodies,
are used to detect virus antigens and specific antibodies generated as a result of infection and
give rapid results. There are different serological methods, suchprecipitation techniques, as
single and double radial diffusion, immunohistological methods that detect antigen in infected
tissues, frequently used immunoenzyme assays such as ELISA and many other.
It is necessary to have a good understanding of each method to ensure the accurate and
reliable application of diagnostic methods, which is prerequisite for adequate and timely
medical treatment.

• Keywords: Virusi; molekularne dijagnostičke metode; serološke dijagnostičke metode; mikroskopija; lančana reakcija polimerazom; hibridizacija in situ; Southernova metoda otiska; northernska metoda otiska; westernska metoda otiska; test ELISA; enzimatski imunotest; inhibicija hemaglutinacije; imunoprecipitacijske metode; imunofluorescencija
• Keywords (english): viruses; molecular diagnostic methods; serology; microscopy; PCR; hybridization in situ; Southern blot; northern blot; western blot; ELISA; enyme immunoassay; hemagglutination inhibition assay; DRID; SRID; immunofluorescence
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:217:808557
• Study programme: Title: Ecology; Study programme type: university; Study level: undergraduate; Academic / professional title: sveučilišni/a prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) biologije (sveučilišni/a prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) biologije)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2021-09-27 13:00:39